EXERCISE

Q1. Classify industries stating the basis of your classification.
Answer: Industries can be classified on four main bases:

a). Size of the establishment:

1. Household industry: Operated at home with family labor.
2. Small-scale industry: Limited capital and workforce.
3. Large-scale industry: Requires large capital and machinery.

b). Raw materials used:

1. Agro-based: Uses agricultural products (e.g., sugar, cotton).
2. Mineral-based: Uses minerals/ores (e.g., steel, cement).
3. Chemical-based: Produces chemicals (e.g., fertilizers, pharmaceuticals).
4. Forest-based: Uses forest products (e.g., paper, furniture).
5. Animal-based: Uses animal products (e.g., leather, wool).

c). Output or products:

1. Basic industry: Produces goods for further production (e.g., steel).
2. Consumer goods industry: Produces goods for direct use (e.g., food, clothing).

d). Ownership:

1. Public sector: Government-owned.
2. Private sector: Privately-owned.
3. Co-operative: Owned and managed collectively.

Q2. What is a household industry? What kind of goods are produced by this industry?
Answer: A household industry is a very small-scale industry organised at the household level, where goods are produced by the family members themselves. This type of industry uses local raw materials and traditional technology. The products are generally used by the family or sold in local markets.

The goods produced include:

1. Pottery goods or metallic utensils
2. Handloom clothes
3. Food items
4. Furniture
5. Ornaments

Q3. Present a comparative discussion on the small-scale and large-scale industries.
Answer: 

Q4. Define agro-based industry with example.
Answer: Agro-based industries are those that depend on crops and other agricultural products as their raw materials. These industries process agricultural products to make them fit for human use or storage. Almost all agricultural countries have important agro-based industries.

Examples of agro-based industries include rice mills, wheat mills, sugar mills, oil mills, tea processing and spice mills

Q5. Give a brief idea of mineral-based industry.
Answer: Mineral-based industries use various types of mineral resources as their raw materials. Historically, they came up in areas rich in mineral deposits. However, with improved transport facilities, they can now be located even in areas without minerals. These industries are crucial for economic development.

Examples of mineral-based industries are:

1. Manufacturing of iron and steel
2. Aluminium production
3. Copper production
4. Petroleum production

Q6. What do you mean by basic industry? Give examples.
Answer: Basic industries are those that produce raw materials for other industries. Their output is not for direct consumption but for further processing by other industries. They form the foundation for other industries.

The best example of a basic industry is the Iron and Steel Industry. It provides the necessary raw materials (steel) for machine-building industries, which in turn produce machinery used to manufacture other commodities.

Q7. Give an outline of the factors determining the localisation of industry.
Answer: The location of an industry is determined by a combination of natural and socio-economic factors. These factors are crucial for the growth and survival of an industry.

The main factors influencing industrial location are:

1. Raw Materials: Industries using heavy or perishable raw materials are located near the source to reduce transport costs.
2. Power or Energy: Industries needing large amounts of energy, like coal or electricity, are situated near power sources.
3. Labour: Availability of skilled and inexpensive workforce is crucial.
4. Transport and Communication: Efficient transport is needed to bring raw materials and send finished goods to markets.
5. Market: Proximity to consumers reduces transport costs and ensures quick access.
6. Capital: Most industries, except household ones, need large capital investment.
7. Government Policy: Policies on regional development, taxation, and land acquisition influence industry location and type.

Q8. Write with examples about the role of raw materials in the location of industries.
Answer: Raw materials are a primary factor in deciding where an industry is located. Their nature and properties directly influence the decision.

• Heavy and Weight-losing raw materials: Industries using these materials are located close to the source of the raw material to minimise transport costs. For example, iron ore is very heavy and loses weight during processing, so iron and steel industries are located near iron ore mines (e.g., Jamshedpur).

• Perishable raw materials: Industries that use raw materials that get damaged easily must be located near the source to prevent spoilage. For example, the sugarcane industry is located close to sugarcane-producing areas because sugarcane is perishable.

• Light and Non-weight-losing raw materials: Industries using these materials can be located away from the source as transportation cost is not a major factor. For example, the cotton textile industry does not necessarily need to be located near cotton farms, as cotton is light and does not lose much weight during processing.

Q9. Write briefly on the iron and steel industry of India.
Answer: The iron and steel industry is a basic industry providing raw materials for many other sectors. Modern production began in 1907 with J. N. Tata’s factory at Jamshedpur. Industries are concentrated in mineral-rich regions like Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh, with some in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Major centres include Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Rourkela, Bhilai, Salem, and Bhadravati. India produces over 30 million metric tons of steel annually, aided by abundant iron ore, cheap labour, and a large domestic market.

Q10. Give an account of the cotton textile industry of India.
Answer: The cotton textile industry is a major industry of India. Its main raw material is cotton, which allows flexibility in locating industries near raw materials or markets. Other factors like power, labour, transport, and environment influence its location. Historically, cotton textiles were household industries. Today, they are mainly in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, with some in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. India is one of the largest cotton producers, along with the USA and China.

Q11. Draw a map of India and locate thereon three iron and steel industries and the three cotton textile industries.
Answer: