EXERCISES

Q1. Which animal of the animal kingdom is studied in anthropology?
Answer: Anthropology is the science that studies man.

Q2. Name the anthropoid ape found in North East India or Assam.
Answer: Gibbon is found in North East India and Assam.

Q3. Name two anthropoid apes found in Africa.
Answer: Chimpanzee and Gorilla are two anthropoid apes found in Africa.

Q4. Name two anthropoid apes found in Asia.
Answer: Gibbon and Orangutan are two anthropoid apes found in Asia (Southeast Asia, North East India, Myanmar for Gibbon; Borneo and Sumatra for Orangutan).

Q5. What are the different types of ape and name it.
Answer: The living anthropoid apes are included in the Super family Hominoidea, which is composed of three families:
Hylobatidae: Represented by gibbons.
Pongidae: Composed of three genera: Pongo (Orangutan), Pan (Chimpanzee), and Gorilla (Gorilla).
Hominidae: Represented by humans.

Q6. Write the characteristics features of Gibbon.
Answer: The height of the Gibbon does not exceed 3 ft., and the weight of the adult Gibbon ranges from 11 to 15 pounds. The body is covered with fine wooly hair. The arms are excessively long in comparison to the length of the leg. The hand is very long and narrow with a relatively short thumb. The brain case is larger in comparison to the face. They possess ischial callosities.

Q7. Write the characteristics features of Orangutan.
Answer: The weight of the adult male varies from 165 to 200 pounds. The body is covered with long, coarse hair of reddish-brown colour. The hands are long and narrow with elongated fingers, and the thumb is small. The forearm is much longer than the upper arm. The jaw is very large and projects forward. They are arboreal in nature and live on trees.

Q8. Write four characteristics features of Chimpanzee.
Answer: The average height of the adult male is 5 ft. The body is covered with long and coarse hair of various colours, but there are no hairs on the face, hands, and feet. They habitually knuckle walk during their movement on the ground and sometimes assume bipedal posture. The fingers are long, and the thumb is small and opposable. The average cranial capacity is 400 c.c.

Q9. Write the characteristics features of Gorilla.
Answer: The height ranges from 5 ft. to 6 ft. in lowland gorillas and 5 ft. 3 inches to 5 ft. 10 inches in mountain gorillas. The body is covered with long and black-coloured hairs; the face, palm, and soles are completely devoid of hair. The average cranial capacity of the males and females are 550 c.c and 450 c.c. The upper arms are longer than the forearms. They are terrestrial. Chin is absent.

Q10. Write the name of the book written by Linnaeus in 1735.
Answer: The book written by Carolus Linnaeus in 1735 is “Systema Naturae”.

Q11. Write the differences between platyrrhine and catarrhine monkey.
Answer:

Q12. What are the different types of Chimpanzee?
Answer: There are three species of chimpanzee: the white faced or common chimpanzee, the black faced, bald headed chimpanzee, and the pygmy chimpanzee.

Q13. Write the names of three animals included in Prosimii.
Answer: The Prosimii infra orders include: Lemuriformes (e.g., Tree Shrew, Lemuridae), Lorisiformes (e.g., Lorises, Galagidae), and Tarsiiformes (Tarsier).

Q14. Write the characteristics features of mammals.
Answer: Presence of hair. Presence of mammary glands for nourishing the young ones. Presence of sweat glands. Mammals are warm-blooded, air-breathing vertebrates. Presence of two condyles in the foramen magnum of the occipital bone. They are called viviparous because they do not lay eggs. The lower jaw is composed of only one pair of bone. The heart is four-chambered and completely divided into two parts, each containing one auricle and one ventricle. The red blood corpuscles are non-nucleated and circular.

Q15. Write the characteristics features of primates.
Answer: Prehensile hands and feet for arboreal life. Digits of both hands and feet are provided with flat nails. Well-marked power grip and precision grip. Keen and stereoscopic vision. Highly developed brain covered with much-wrinkled cortex. The females have the tendency to bear only one baby at a time. Gestation period is long. Primate infants have prolonged physical and emotional dependence on their mothers.

Q16. What are the distinctive features of Hominidae?
Answer: Man walks bipedally with fully erect posture. The brain is complex and relatively enlarged. Man has the power of articulating speech. Upper extremities are much shorter than lower extremities. The chin is well developed. Prominent nose with an elevated bridge and fleshy tip. Enlarged cranium and reduced facial portion. The average cranial capacity ranges from 1300 to 1450 C.C. The vertebral column has four curves. The pelvic is bowl-shaped and the transverse diameter is greater than the antero-posterior diameter.

Q17. Which primate does not have opposable thumb on feet? Write three characteristics feature of that primate.
Answer: The primate whose great toe is not opposable and is in line with the other toes is Man (Homo sapiens). Three characteristic features are:

1. Man walks bipedally with fully erect posture.
2. The brain is complex and all its parts are relatively enlarged.
3. The chin is well developed.

Q18. Write the dental formula of catarrhine.
Answer: The dental formula of catarrhine is 2.1.2.3 / 2.1.2.3.

Q19. Platyrrhine monkeys live in which country?
Answer: Platyrrhine monkeys (New World monkeys) inhabit a wide range of forest habitats, from Mexico to Argentina. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical areas of Central and South America.

Q20. Mention the name of two countries where catarrhine monkey live.
Answer: The Catarrhines are all native to Africa and Asia.

Q21. Write the geographical distribution of Gibbon.
Answer: Gibbons are found throughout the tropical rain forests and the semi deciduous mountain forests of Southeast Asia, North East India, and Myanmar.

Q22. Write the geographical distribution of Orangutan.
Answer: Orangutans are found mostly in Borneo and Sumatra.

Q23. Write the geographical distribution of Chimpanzee.
Answer: Chimpanzees are found in large numbers in the tropical forests of Africa.

Q24. Write the geographical distribution of Gorilla.
Answer: Gorillas are found in the equatorial regions of Africa. The Eastern Mountain Gorillas are found in Eastern Congo, and the Western lowland Gorillas are found in Gabon and Cameroon.

Q25. Man is a member of primate. Justify your answer.
Answer: Man is included in the order Primate because Man belongs to the sub-class Eutheria, which is divided into a number of orders, the last one being Primate. Man possesses the specialized characters of primates, such as prehensile hands and feet, digits provided with flat nails, well-marked power and precision grip, keen and stereoscopic vision, highly developed brain, and a long natural life span.

Q26. Which animal is included in the family Hylobatidae?
Answer: The Hylobates or common gibbons and the Symphalangus or siamang are included in the family Hylobatidae.

Q27. Name three animals which are included in the family Pongidae.
Answer: The family Pongidae is composed of three genera: Pongo (Orangutan), Pan (Chimpanzee), and Gorilla (Gorilla).

Q28. How many families are included in Hominoidea? Name it.
Answer: The super family Hominoidea has three families: Hylobatidae, Pongidae, and Hominidae.

Q29. What is the scientific name of man?
Answer: The scientific name of man is Homo sapiens.

Q30. Why man is included in the class mammal?
Answer: Man is included in the class Mammal because Man possesses the defining characteristics of this class, such as the presence of hair, mammary glands for nourishing the young ones, being a warm-blooded, air-breathing vertebrate, and having a four-chambered heart.

Q31. Write the characteristic features of the class Mammalia.
Answer: The characteristic features of the class Mammalia are as follows:

1. Presence of hair, a new integumentary unit.
2. Presence of mammary glands for nourishing the young ones.
3. Presence of sweat glands.
4. Mammals are warm-blooded, air-breathing vertebrates.
5. Presence of two occipital condyles in the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
6. They are generally viviparous, as they do not lay eggs.
7. The lower jaw is composed of only one pair of bones (dentaries).
8. The ribs articulate with the vertebrae by two heads—the capitulum and tuberculum.
9. The heart is four-chambered and completely divided into two parts.
10. The lungs are suspended freely in the thoracic cavity.
11. The red blood corpuscles (RBCs) are non-nucleated and circular.
12. Presence of a placenta; uterine gestation is the rule.
13. The cloaca is absent.